In the ever-evolving world of skincare, it's easy to get caught up in the latest trends and products. However, sometimes the most effective techniques for achieving radiant skin are rooted in ancient traditions. One such practice is facial gua sha, an age-old Chinese ritual that improves circulation and lymphatic drainage to promote a youthful glow. In this article, we'll explore the benefits of facial gua sha and provide step-by-step instructions to help you get started with your practice.
The Benefits of Facial Gua Sha:
Improved Circulation: Facial gua sha involves gently massaging the skin with a flat, smooth tool, traditionally made of jade or rose quartz. This gentle pressure increases blood flow to the face, delivering oxygen and essential nutrients to the skin cells. Improved circulation can result in a brighter, more vibrant complexion. (We prefer an obsidian glass gua sha, as it lacks the micro-fissures of quartz or jade, making it easier to clean and more hygenic.)
Lymphatic Drainage: Our lymphatic system plays a crucial role in removing waste and toxins from the body. Gua sha promotes lymphatic drainage, helping to reduce puffiness and inflammation in the face. This can be particularly beneficial for those dealing with under-eye bags or a puffy appearance.
Relaxation and Stress Reduction: Facial gua sha is a soothing practice that promotes relaxation. The gentle strokes and cool sensation of the tool can help alleviate facial tension and stress, which can contribute to premature aging.
Enhanced Product Absorption: By applying a facial oil or serum before gua sha, you can enhance the absorption of these products. The tool helps the product penetrate deeper into the skin, maximizing its benefits.
Step-by-Step Guide to Facial Gua Sha:
Step 1: Prepare Your Skin Start with clean skin. You can apply a few drops of your favorite facial oil or serum to provide some slip and nourishment for your skin during the gua sha session.
Step 2: Choose Your Tool Select a gua sha tool made of jade, rose quartz, or another preferred material. These stones are believed to have energetic properties that can further enhance the practice. Our preferred Gua Sha is made from the volcanic glass Obsidian, which gives it a superior flawless finish and makes it easy to keep clean.
Step 3: Begin at the Neck Start at the base of your neck and use gentle, upward strokes. Hold the gua sha tool at a 45-degree angle and scrape in an upward and outward direction. Repeat each stroke 5-10 times.
Step 4: Move to the Jawline and Cheeks Continue moving upward, working your way to the jawline and cheeks. Focus on areas where tension tends to accumulate. Always move in an outward direction.
Step 5: Address the Eye Area Be extremely gentle when using the gua sha tool around the delicate eye area. Use light, upward strokes to reduce puffiness and improve circulation.
Step 6: Forehead and Brow Area Finish the session by working on the forehead and brow area. Concentrate on any areas with fine lines or tension.
Step 7: Cleanse Your Tool After each use, clean your gua sha tool with warm, soapy water and allow it to air dry.
Incorporate facial gua sha into your skincare routine a few times a week to reap its benefits. Remember that consistency is key. Over time, you may notice improved circulation, reduced puffiness, and a healthier, more youthful complexion.
Purchase your own Obsidian Gua Sha tool here
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Facial gua sha is a holistic skincare practice that not only enhances the appearance of your skin but also provides moments of relaxation and self-care. By promoting circulation and lymphatic drainage, this ancient technique can help you achieve a youthful glow naturally. So, why not give it a try?
]]>While you sleep, your skin works diligently to repair and rejuvenate itself. Evening is the perfect opportunity to incorporate regenerative routines to promote skin health and vitality and maximise the benefits of your skincare products.
While you sleep, your skin undergoes a remarkable transformation, diligently working to repair and rejuvenate itself. Night-time is a crucial period in the 24-hour skin cycle when this intricate process takes center stage. During the day, your skin serves as a shield, protecting you from environmental stressors like UV rays, pollution, and free radicals. However, as the sun sets and you settle into sleep, your skin shifts into a different gear.
Skin Repair: Throughout the night, your skin cells actively repair damage inflicted during the day. This includes restoring the skin's natural barrier function, essential for retaining moisture and fending off external irritants.
Collagen Production: Collagen, the protein responsible for skin's firmness and elasticity, receives a boost in production at night. This helps combat the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, promoting a youthful complexion. It’s important to include your collagen-boosting products (such as vitamin C serum) in your evening routine.
Cellular Regeneration: The skin's cellular turnover rate accelerates during nighttime hours. Old, tired skin cells are shed, making way for fresh, new ones. This renewal process contributes to smoother, more radiant skin.
Blood Flow: Blood flow to the skin increases during deep sleep, providing essential nutrients and oxygen to support these reparative processes.
Hydration and Moisture: Night-time is an optimal period for skin to absorb moisture. This is the time when you can replenish lost hydration, helping your skin feel plump and supple come morning.
Optimizing this night-time rejuvenation process is where self-care routines come into play. By providing your skin with the right nourishment and care during these crucial hours, you can enhance its natural ability to repair and renew. The result? A complexion that not only looks more youthful but also feels healthier and more vibrant.
In this article we’ll introduce two extraordinary products from the Pantheon Skin range that can elevate your evening skincare routine.
Artemis Moon Drops: Advanced Vitamin C THD Night Serum
Artemis Moon Drops is not just another night serum; it's a game-changer in your skincare arsenal. Specially formulated for those dealing with blemishes and breakouts, this serum delivers remarkable results, often seen within seven days of use (based on typical customer feedback). Its anti-microbial ingredients put a stop to breakouts, while calming botanicals reduce redness and inflammation.
Key Ingredients:
Introducing Restore, a luxurious night cream infused with potent botanical ingredients to rejuvenate and nourish your skin. This silky formulation features key elements that work in harmony to restore your skin's vitality and radiance, addressing fine lines, wrinkles, enlarged pores, uneven tone and texture, hyperpigmentation, and scarring—common signs of natural aging.
Key Ingredients:
Nighttime Self-Care Ritual:
Incorporate these luxurious Pantheon Skin products into your nighttime self-care ritual for optimal results:
Cleanse: Begin with a gentle cleanser to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities from your skin.
Serum: Apply Artemis Moon Drops generously to your face and neck. Let her work her magic while you sleep.
Eye Cream: Don't forget the delicate skin around your eyes. Apply your preferred eye cream, or a little extra Restore night cream.
Rich Night Cream: Finish your routine with Restore night cream. Massage it gently into your skin using upward, circular motions and press to finish.
Relax: Take a moment to relax and unwind. Meditate, read a book, or simply enjoy the sensation of well-nourished skin.
By incorporating these products and rituals into your nighttime routine, you're taking a proactive step toward rejuvenating your skin while embracing the tranquility that comes with nighttime self-care.
]]>Healthy skin is timeless, and achieving it at every stage of life is within your grasp. Skin care should be tailored to meet the unique needs of your skin at different life stages. From youthful vitality to graceful ageing, we'll uncover the practices and products that help you maintain healthy, glowing skin throughout your journey.
Youthful Glow: Teens and Early Adulthood
For the younger crowd, the focus should be on prevention and establishing a solid skincare routine. This can be overshadowed for those dealing with hormonal acne, but every youthful skincare routine should include the following:
1. Daily Cleansing: Start with the basics—cleansing. A gentle, natural cleanser like Sapphire is ideal for removing impurities without stripping your skin of its natural oils. Plus, it has the added benefit of natural anti-acne ingredients: Blue Tansy, Yarrow flower, and Chamomile.
2. Sun Protection: Embrace daily sun protection with an SPF. It's a non-negotiable step to protect your skin from UV damage and your older self will thank you later.
3. Hydration: Youthful skin thrives on hydration. Our hydrosol toners are excellent for maintaining moisture balance throughout the day. Combine with Distilled Rose Ultimate Hydration serum for perfectly hydrated skin. Add a lightweight lotion like Balance to seal in the hydration and moisturise your skin without oiliness.
4. Occasional Treatments: Begin introducing occasional treatments like exfoliation or a clarifying mask to keep breakouts at bay. Gentle is best; even if you feel like stronger action will yield better results - it won’t. All that will happen is your skin barrier will suffer, opening the door to further breakouts, scarring and infection. Try our Artemis Moon Drops - an overnight phytonutrient treatment to reduce acne breakouts and redness.
Balanced Beauty: Adulthood
In your prime, the focus is on balance and nourishment. You may be noticing small changes in texture and elasticity; this is the time to concentrate on the deep health of your skin by incorporating bioactive botanicals and clean cosmeceuticals:
1. Hydration and Nutrition: Maintain good hydration habits and a balanced diet. Consider our award-winning skincare products with bioactive ingredients like vitamin C THD and hyaluronic acid.
2. Targeted Serums: Introduce targeted serums like our phytonutrient glow potions to address specific concerns like fine lines and age spots.
3. Gentle Exfoliation: Continue with exfoliation but opt for gentler options to maintain skin renewal. Try Ruby Facial Polish, or enjoy the gentle, natural daily AHA exfoliation of our Distilled Rose Serum
4. Mindful Self-Care: Stress management through practices like meditation or yoga contributes to overall skin health. Incorporating Adaptogens into your diet can have long-reaching benefits to your over all health.
Graceful Aging: Mature Years
As you age, your skin requires extra care. Now is the time to build on the foundation laid in earlier years. An increase in bioactives and clean cosmeceuticals to improve skin elasticity, promote collagen production, tackle UV damage, and increase moisture retention is key to maintaining a healthy, glowing complexion in your maturing years:
1. Rich Hydration: Invest in deeply hydrating products to combat dryness and maintain skin elasticity. Our Distilled Rose Serum and our Restore Night Cream will help keep your skin plump and hydrated while reducing fine lines and improving over-all texture. Distilled Rose Serum contains naturally occurring Alpha-Hydroxy Acids to smooth the skin and improve the integration of actives. It also contains hyaluronic acid - a hydrating compound that occurs naturally in our skin but dramatically decreases as we age. Restore Night Cream contains botanical stem cells from the Japanese Orchid, along with Silk Proteins to deeply condition the skin. It also contains Bakuchiol - a phyto-retinoid that modulates the same gene expression as Retinol, bringing you all the benefits without the dryness and sensistisation. Read more about our active ingredients here.
2. Nutrient-Rich Ingredients: Look for products rich in antioxidants and essential fatty acids to combat signs of aging. Our range of Phytonutrient Glow Potions fit the bill, with each serum offering Advanced vitamin C THD and olive squalane to promote collagen and elastin, reduce fine lines, tackle UV damage and pigmentation, as well as a different functional list of benefits in each formula - choose according to your own individual needs.
3. Collagen Support: Incorporate collagen-boosting products to help skin maintain its firmness. Check out our Vitamin C products to promote collagen synthesis and maintain skin elasticity and tone. Pro tip: Consuming ample vitamin C in your diet can also help your body produce more collagen.
4. Holistic Wellness: Focus on holistic well-being, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and quality sleep. Visit our Remedies page to explore our Naturopath-formulated herbal blends to support your skin from within.
Consistency Is Key
Regardless of your life stage, consistency in your skincare routine is vital. Consider our range of natural, holistic skincare products that cater to your unique needs at every age.
Closing Thoughts
Beautiful, radiant skin is achievable at any age with holistic skincare practices and high-quality natural products. Embrace your journey and celebrate your skin's health and vitality at every life stage. Remember that the right skincare routine can be your lifelong companion in the pursuit of radiant, glowing skin.
Reference: Baumann, L. (2007). Skin ageing and its treatment. The Journal of Pathology, 211(2), 241-251.
]]>As we navigate the years, maintaining youthful and vibrant skin remains a priority for many of us. While we can't reverse time, we can certainly embrace holistic approaches to support our skin from the inside out. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in this journey, and we'll explore some key foods and nutrients that promote youthful skin and overall vitality. Remember: healthy skin is beautiful skin, lines and all.
Youthful Skin Nutrition Essentials
Antioxidant-Packed Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries are packed with antioxidants. These compounds help fight free radicals, which can accelerate skin aging. Including a daily dose of berries in your diet is like giving your skin a shield against premature aging. To get the most out of these antioxidant super-fruits, avoid combining them with banana or avocado, as this will greatly decrease the uptake of the valuable phytonutrients and bioflavonoids. Consider more exotic superfruit such as camu camu and acai for even more concetrated nutrition.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Foods rich in omega-3s, like fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, are great for your skin. Omega-3s help maintain skin elasticity, reduce inflammation, and keep your skin well-hydrated from the inside.
Vitamin C: This vitamin is crucial for collagen production, the protein responsible for skin's firmness. Citrus fruits, kiwi, capsicum, and strawberries are rich in vitamin C. Adding them to your diet supports your skin's ability to maintain its youthful structure, along with a good topical vitamin C serum.
Leafy Greens: Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens are rich in vitamins A and E, which are vital for skin health. These vitamins aid in skin tissue repair and provide protection against UV damage.
Protein Power: Lean protein sources like chicken, turkey, tofu, and legumes are essential for skin health. Protein helps repair and regenerate skin cells, contributing to a youthful appearance. Fibrous legumes such as beans and lentils also help with elimination - constipation and congested digestion are a common culprit for skin problems.
Stay Hydrated: Water is your skin's best friend. Proper hydration keeps your skin plump and well-nourished. Sip on herbal teas, water with lemon, and infused water throughout the day.
Herbal Support: Certain herbs have skin-nourishing properties. Herbs like burdock root, dandelion, and tulsi (holy basil) have detoxifying and antioxidant effects that promote skin vitality. Enjoy them as teas or incorporate them into your meals.
Your Holistic Skin-Nourishing Routine
Now, let's integrate these nutritional tips into your daily routine:
Daily Superfoods: Incorporate antioxidant-rich berries, omega-3 sources, leafy greens, and vitamin C-packed fruits and vegetables into your meals. These foods are your daily allies in maintaining youthful skin. Try our Immortal Green and Immortal Red for an easy way to boost your intake of these essential foods.
Hydration Boost: Start your day with a glass of warm water with lemon or ACV to kickstart hydration. Throughout the day, sip on herbal teas and water to keep your skin hydrated.
Herbal Allies: Consider including skin-loving herbs like burdock root and tulsi in your routine. You can find them as teas or supplements, but consult a healthcare professional before adding new supplements to your diet. Visit our Remedies collection for our beautiful herbal blends.
Balanced Nutrition: Aim for a balanced diet that includes protein, healthy fats, and a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. This diverse palette ensures your skin gets a wide range of nutrients.
Mindful Eating: Approach your meals with mindfulness. Take a moment to savour each bite and appreciate the nourishment it provides to your body and skin. Eating with intention enhances your overall well-being.
Holistic Skincare for Positive Ageing
Remember that holistic skincare is about giving your body what it needs to thrive. It's not about reversing time but celebrating the wisdom and beauty that come with each passing year. Your nutritional choices are a significant part of this journey, enhancing your inner and outer radiance.
Incorporate these holistic nutritional tips into your daily life, and you'll be nurturing your skin from within, contributing to your positive ageing narrative.
Here's to radiant, youthful skin and a life filled with vitality!
]]>Aging is a natural and inevitable part of life. It's a process that unfolds for those of us lucky enough to experience it, with unique experiences and wisdom. Inside Pantheon Apothecary, we are not about chasing youth; we champion embracing the changing beauty that come with each passing year. We believe healthy skin is beautiful skin, at any age.
Positive aging is not about denying the passage of time, or about trying to stop it altogether; it's about celebrating it. It's about looking in the mirror and recognising the stories that your skin tells - the laughter lines from moments of pure joy, the wisdom etched into your expression, and the grace that comes from a life well-lived.
In a society often fixated on youthful appearances, embracing positive aging can be a revolutionary act. It's about redefining beauty standards and understanding that there's no one-size-fits-all formula for looking and feeling your best. True beauty lies in the confidence and contentment that radiate from within.
Skincare isn't just about aesthetics; it's a form of self-care and self-love. It's a ritual that connects you to your body and spirit, an opportunity to nourish your skin and nurture your well-being with gratitude and self-acceptance. As we age, our skin requires different care and attention, and this is where a thoughtful skincare routine comes into play.
Hydration is the key to youthful-looking skin. As we age, our skin's ability to retain moisture diminishes. Combat this by incorporating hydrating products into your routine, such as an effective hyaluronic acid serum. Our Distilled Rose Ultimate Hydration serum is designed to deeply hydrate, instantly, leaving your skin plump and glowy for up to 72 hours. Follow with a quality face oil, oil serum, or moisturising cream to seal in the hydration and help reduce transepidermal moisture loss - a major cause of skin dehydration. Check out our range of skin barrier-loving moisturisers and facial oils here.
Sun protection is a timeless practice. Shielding your skin from harmful UV rays not only prevents premature aging but also lowers the risk of skin issues. Start your day with a broad-spectrum SPF to protect your skin.
Antioxidants are your skin's best friends. They help neutralise free radicals, which can accelerate the aging process. Look for products with antioxidant-rich ingredients like Advanced Vitamin C THD in our phytonutrient glow potions. They are powerful allies for maintaining healthy, vibrant skin.
Incorporate self-massage into your skincare routine. Gentle facial massage improves circulation, relaxes facial muscles, and enhances product absorption. Use our Obsidian Gua Sha to glide smoothly across your skin, promoting relaxation and a radiant complexion.
Above all, celebrate your skin and the wisdom it carries. Each fine line and wrinkle has a tale to tell, a testament to your resilience and strength. Your skin is a canvas that reflects the story of a life well-lived.
Positive aging is about more than just embracing wrinkles; it's about embracing life. It's about recognising the beauty in every stage of your journey and caring for your skin with love and intention. Pantheon Skin is here to support you on this transformative path, helping you age gracefully and confidently.
Your skin is a reflection of your unique story. Embrace it, care for it, and let it shine as a testament to your beautiful journey through life.
Got questions about the best way to care for your skin? Drop us a line at info@pantheonapothecary.co.nz - we are always happy to help.
If you’re anything like me, your first instinct on waking in the morning is to roll out of bed bleary-eyed and reach for the coffee plunger. If we want to put the best face on the day, both literally and figuratively, we need to strive for a more mindful approach to greeting the day.
The morning is a special time, a opportunity for a fresh start to a brand-new day. It's the perfect opportunity to set a positive tone for the hours ahead, and this extends to your skincare routine. By incorporating mindful morning rituals into your skincare regimen, you can enhance not only the health of your skin but also your overall well-being. Let's explore some nurturing practices that promote radiant, healthy skin.
1. The Gentle Awakening
Begin your morning routine with a gentle awakening of the senses. Instead of jumping out of bed in a rush, take a moment to savor the tranquility of the morning.
2. Hydration from Within
Before reaching for your skincare products, it's important to rehydrate your body after a night's sleep. Resist the urge to caffeinate first thing! There’s time for that, later.
3. A Refreshing Splash
Your morning skincare ritual should begin with cleansing your face, but there's no need for anything harsh.
4. Mindful Cleansing
Following your cold-water face bath, gently remove any overnight build up of sebum with a warm face cloth or gentle, pH-balanced cleanser. Don’t over-do it! Evening is the time for deep cleansing. Excessive cleansing can compromise the skin barrier, and lead to a host of undesirable knock-on effects.
5. Gua Sha or Facial Roller
For an added boost, consider incorporating gua sha or a facial roller into your morning routine. This will make the most of that increased blood flow and have the added benefit of promoting healthy lymph flow, reducing morning puffiness.
Gua Sha: This ancient Chinese practice involves using a smooth-edged tool to gently massage and sculpt the face. It can improve circulation, reduce puffiness, and enhance product absorption. Gua sha should be used with a little light facial oil or a serum - just enough to prevent the tool from dragging on the skin.
Facial Roller: A facial roller made of jade or rose quartz can have a calming effect while promoting lymphatic drainage. Roll it in an upward motion across your face and neck. Use a little serum while you roll - the action of the tool will help to press this into your skin, increasing absorption.
6. Nourish with a Light Oil
Rather than heavy creams in the morning, opt for a lightweight facial oil or day-time serum.
7. SPF
Arguably your most important step in your morning skincare routine - apply a good broad-spectrum SPF. Every. Single. Day. It is truly the best gift you can give to your skin, especially if you live under the Australasian sun.
Sunscreen: Don't forget the most crucial step—sun protection. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. UV rays can cause premature aging and skin damage.
8. Mindful Mindset
As you go about your morning skincare routine, try to maintain a mindful mindset.
9. Sip Your Morning Brew Mindfully
If you're a coffee or tea drinker, take the time to enjoy your morning brew mindfully. Sip it slowly, savouring the flavors and aromas.
10. Breakfast with Intention
Fuel your body with a nourishing breakfast. Incorporate fruits, whole grains, and protein into your meal to provide essential nutrients for your skin.
By incorporating these mindful morning rituals into your skincare routine, even some of the time, you can elevate your self-care game and promote healthy, radiant skin. Remember that your skincare should be an act of self-love, a moment to connect with yourself, and an opportunity to start your day with a positive mindset. Your skin and your soul will thank you for it.
]]>In the hustle and bustle of modern life, taking a moment to reflect on how we care for our skin can be a powerful act of self-love.
Holistic skincare is all about this self-care journey, highlighting the connection between our inner wellness and the radiant glow we desire on the outside. It's not just about creams and serums; it's about nurturing your skin from within and without.
The Holistic Connection: Skin as a Reflection of Inner Health
Your skin is your body's largest organ, and it often mirrors your overall health and well-being. When you're stressed, fatigued, or your nutrition is off-kilter, your skin tends to show it. That's where holistic skincare comes into play – it's a comprehensive approach that recognises the synergy between inner and outer beauty.
Nutrition as the Foundation: Good skin starts with what you put into your body. A balanced diet rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids nourishes your skin cells from the inside, promoting a healthy complexion. Think leafy greens, colorful fruits, and omega-3-rich foods. Try our Herbal Powders for an easy, convenient, and effective way to boost your daily nutrition.
Hydration for Radiance: Staying well-hydrated is not only vital for your inner health but also for plump, dewy skin. Sip on herbal teas, infused water, or even coconut water for a hydrating boost.
Mindfulness and Stress Reduction: High stress levels can wreak havoc on your skin. Incorporating mindfulness practices like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga into your daily routine can help keep stress at bay, promoting a clearer, calmer complexion. In combination with lifestyle changes, adaptogenic herbs can help balance mind and body, bringing you back to a physiological centre.
The Role of Quality Sleep: They don't call it beauty sleep for nothing. A good night's rest allows your skin cells to regenerate, repair, and recharge. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep to wake up with a refreshed glow.
Exercise for Circulation: Regular physical activity boosts blood circulation, delivering oxygen and nutrients to your skin cells. This helps maintain a healthy complexion and that sought-after post-workout glow.
Holistic Skincare Products: A Natural Synergy
Cleansing Oil: Our luxurious Emerald cleansing oil not only remove makeup and impurities but also infuse your skin with nourishing botanicals. This is where the external part of skincare meets the internal, creating a harmonious ritual.
Botanical Serums: Packed with antioxidants and hydrating ingredients, our serums enhance your skin's natural radiance. When used mindfully, they become a self-care practice, allowing you to appreciate the little moments of application.
Aromatherapy Blends: Aromatherapy isn't just about delightful scents; it can significantly impact your mood and stress levels. Incorporate our calming aromatherapy blends into your mindfulness routines to soothe your senses and calm your skin.
Herbal Infusions: Our herbal infusions can be sipped as teas or used for facial steaming. They're a perfect example of how inner and outer wellness align, as they promote a clear complexion and inner tranquility.
Elevate Your Routine: Mindful Morning Rituals for Glowing Skin
Consider these mindful morning rituals that bring inner wellness and external radiance together.
Wake Up Gently: Start your day with a soothing alarm or soft music. Give yourself the gift of a peaceful awakening.
Hydrate Mindfully: Begin with a glass of warm lemon water. This not only hydrates but also supports digestion and skin health.
Morning Stretches: Incorporate gentle stretches to wake up your body and improve circulation. You can even sneak in a quick meditation session - it can be as little as 5 minutes.
Skincare Ritual: Take your time with your skincare routine. Apply our products with intention, enjoying each step. Think of it as a moment of self-love.
Nutrient-Packed Breakfast: Fuel your body with a nutritious breakfast that includes fruits, whole grains, and healthy fats. Your skin will thank you.
Nature Connection: If possible, spend some time outdoors, connecting with nature. A short walk in a park or garden, or a short grounding session can work wonders for your mood and complexion.
Elevate your routine, embrace holistic skincare, and let your inner glow shine through.
References:
Smith, R. N., Mann, N. J., Braue, A., Mäkeläinen, H., & Varigos, G. A. (2007). A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(1), 107-115.
Oyetakin-White, P., Suggs, A., Koo, B., Matsui, M. S., Yarosh, D., & Cooper, K. D. (2015). Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing? Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 40(1), 17-22.
Kim, S. A., Kim, J. H., Park, H. J., Lee, D. W., Akama, T., & Sasaki, H. (2015). The effects of a single bout pilates exercise on mRNA expression of skin aging-related genes in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 19(4), 289-296.
Moyal, D. D., Fourtanier, A. M., & Seite, S. (2012). The benefit of daily photoprotection. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(5), AB16.
Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.
Understanding your skin type is the foundation of effective skincare. Your skin type determines the products and routines that will work best for you. In this blog post, we'll delve into the different skin types, how to identify your own, and provide tailored skincare tips for each type.
The Importance of Knowing Your Skin Type
Your skin is unique, and its needs can vary significantly from someone else's. The key to a successful skincare routine is knowing your skin type, as it allows you to choose products and practices that address your specific concerns. Whether your skin is dry, oily, combination, or sensitive, identifying its characteristics will guide you toward achieving a healthy and radiant complexion.
The Five Common Skin Types
Normal Skin: Normal skin is well-balanced, with neither excessive oiliness nor dryness. It has a smooth texture, small pores, and an even tone. Normal skin types are fortunate to have fewer issues and can benefit from a basic skincare routine to maintain their natural glow.
Oily Skin: Oily skin tends to produce excess sebum, leading to a shiny appearance, enlarged pores, and a higher likelihood of acne. Effective skincare for oily skin involves controlling oil production while maintaining hydration and preventing breakouts.
Dry Skin: Dry skin lacks sufficient moisture and can feel tight and rough. It may also be prone to flakiness, redness, and fine lines. Hydration is the key to managing dry skin, and products that provide deep moisture and protect the skin's barrier are essential.
Combination Skin: Combination skin is a mix of different types, with some areas being oily (usually the T-zone, which includes the forehead, nose, and chin) and others being normal or dry. Balancing the needs of different areas is crucial for managing combination skin.
Sensitive Skin: Sensitive skin is prone to irritation, redness, and reactions to certain products or environmental factors. It requires gentle and hypoallergenic skincare products that soothe and calm the skin.
Identifying Your Skin Type
The Bare-Faced Test: Start with a freshly cleansed face and observe it for an hour. If your skin feels comfortable and looks balanced, you likely have normal skin. If it appears oily, you might have oily skin. If it feels tight and shows signs of dryness, you probably have dry skin.
Blotting Paper Test: Press blotting paper onto different areas of your face. If the paper picks up oil from your forehead, nose, and chin, but not from your cheeks, you likely have combination skin.
Reaction Test: If your skin reacts easily to new products with redness, itching, or stinging, you might have sensitive skin. Keep track of these reactions to inform your skincare choices.
Tailoring Your Skincare Routine
Normal Skin Care: Stick to a simple routine with a gentle cleanser, serum, moisturiser, and sunscreen. Regular exfoliation can help maintain the natural radiance.
Oily Skin Care: While it can seem natural to remove oil when you have oily skin, using an oil cleanser can help here, by teaching your skin to produce less oil, follow this with a lightweight, balancing serum and/or moisturiser, non-comedogenic moisturizers and sunscreens. Incorporating gentle exfoliants and occasional clay masks may also help. When dealing with enlarged pores, consider using a product that incorporates bakuchiol (rather than harsh retinol) or a product containing peptides, to shrink the appearance of pores and help tighten the skin. Acne-prone skin types should look for natural balancing, anti-inflammatory ingredients, such as blue tansy and bakuchiol, to combat breakouts.
Dry Skin Care: Opt for a gentle, non-stripping cleanser, a serum that focuses on reducing transepidermal moisture loss, a rich moisturizer, and products containing hyaluronic acid to maximise hydration. Regular, gentle exfoliation and the use of nourishing oils can also help combat dryness.
Combination Skin Care: Use a mild cleanser, a lightweight serum, and a balanced moisturiser followed by a light sunscreen. Gentle exfoliation can help balance the skin's texture.
Sensitive Skin Care: Choose products labeled as fragrance-free and hypoallergenic. Look for ingredients like ceramides and niacinamide that strengthen the skin barrier. Always patch test new products before using them.
Identifying your skin type is the first step towards a skincare routine that truly suits your needs. By understanding your skin's characteristics and addressing its unique concerns, you can achieve a healthy, glowing complexion that reflects your inner beauty.
Whatever your skin type, what you do from the inside will have a profound effect on the health of you skin. Drink plenty of water, consume ample healthy fats, and perhaps most importantly - get enough sleep! It won’t take long to find your glow.
References:
Harvesting and Processing of Argan Oil
The process of harvesting argan oil is highly labour-intensive, as it involves handpicking the argan fruit, cracking open the hard shells, and extracting the kernels inside. The kernels are then roasted before they are ground into a paste, which is then pressed to extract the oil. This traditional method of extraction has been passed down through generations of Berber women in Morocco, who have been using argan oil for centuries.
Constituents of Argan Oil
Argan oil is packed with beneficial constituents, including essential fatty acids, vitamin E, polyphenols, and antioxidants. The oil is also high in squalene, which is a natural compound that is found in human sebum and helps to hydrate and protect the skin.
Benefits of Argan Oil in Skincare
Argan oil is a versatile oil that can be used for a wide range of skincare benefits. Here are just a few of the ways that argan oil can benefit your skin:
References:
Recognising the signs of a compromised skin barrier is essential for taking appropriate measures to restore its health and functionality, and thus regaining that healthy, radiant glow. When the skin barrier is compromised a variety of symptoms can manifest, indicating the need for intervention and adjustment in skincare routines.
One common symptom of a damaged skin barrier is dryness. The barrier's ability to retain moisture is compromised, leading to a loss of hydration in the skin. As a result, the skin may feel tight, rough, and flaky. The lack of moisture can also contribute to a dull complexion (Darlenski et al., 2013).
Redness and sensitivity are common in individuals with a compromised skin barrier. The barrier's weakened function can lead to increased skin reactivity and a heightened response to external triggers such as environmental irritants, allergens, or skincare products. This can manifest as redness, irritation, and a sensation of stinging or burning (Dréno et al., 2016).
Flakiness and a rough texture are additional indicators of a compromised skin barrier. When the protective lipid layer is disrupted, the skin's surface can become uneven, resulting in a roughened or uneven texture. The impaired barrier also affects the shedding of dead skin cells, leading to the accumulation of dry, flaky patches (Danby et al., 2013).
Individuals with a damaged skin barrier may experience an increased tendency to develop skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. The compromised barrier allows for easier penetration of irritants and allergens, triggering inflammatory responses and exacerbating existing skin conditions (Czarnowicki et al., 2018). Persistent or worsening symptoms of eczema, such as itching, redness, and rash-like patches, may indicate a compromised skin barrier.
Addressing these symptoms promptly and adjusting skincare routines can help restore the health and functionality of the skin barrier. Gentle cleansing, moisturising with barrier-supportive products, and avoiding harsh skincare ingredients can aid in barrier repair and prevent further damage. If you are experiencing these symptoms on-going, it is essential to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional for personalised recommendations based on your specific skin concerns.
The skin barrier stands as a fundamental guardian of our skin's health, protecting us from premature ageing and maintaining optimal hydration and well-being. Understanding the anatomy, functions, and significance of the skin barrier empowers us to make informed choices in our skincare routines. By nurturing and supporting our skin barrier through gentle practices and barrier-enhancing products, we can promote skin health and ensure our skin remains resilient and radiant.
Here’s to a healthy skin barrier and glowing skin!
References:
Czarnowicki, T., Malajian, D., Khattri, S., & Guttman-Yassky, E. (2018). New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Current Opinion in Immunology, 54, 76-81.
Danby, S. G., Al Enezi, T., Sultan, A., Lavender, T., Chittock, J., Brown, K., ... & Cork, M. J. (2013). Effect of olive and sunflower seed oil on the adult skin barrier: implications for neonatal skin care. Pediatric Dermatology, 30(1), 42-50.
Darlenski, R., Kazandjieva, J., Tsankov, N., & Fluhr, J. W. (2013). Moisturizers for Acne: What are their constituents? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2(2), 98-107.
Dréno, B., Alexis, A. F., Chuberre, B., & Viala, D. (2016). Moisturizing and emollient properties of cosmetic products. In Draelos ZD (Ed.), Cosmeceuticals. Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series (3rd ed., pp. 33-41). Elsevier.
Loden, M. (2003). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 4(11), 771-788.
]]>Maintaining a healthy skin barrier involves not only nurturing and supporting its function but also being mindful of habits and products that can compromise its integrity. By avoiding certain skincare pitfalls, we can minimise the risk of damaging the skin barrier and ensure its optimal performance.
One common mistake that can harm the skin barrier is over-cleansing. While cleansing is important for removing impurities (dirt, makeup, sunscreen residue) and maintaining skin hygiene, excessive cleansing can strip the skin of its natural oils and disrupt the protective lipid barrier (Draelos, 2000). It is advisable to cleanse the skin no more than twice a day, using gentle cleansers that are formulated to maintain the skin's natural pH balance.
Using harsh alkaline bar soaps or cleansers that contain aggressive detergents can also compromise the skin barrier. These products can be overly drying and irritating, disrupting the balance of the skin's natural protective lipids. Opting for mild, pH-balanced, sulfate-free cleansers can help minimise the risk of barrier disruption and maintain the skin's natural moisture balance (Marsella & Nicklin, 2006). Oil cleansers are a great choice for those of us who need to remove make-up and sunscreen at the end of the day. They work by blending with the impurities and carrying them away when you remove the excess oil, rather than by dissolving them with harsh surfactants as soapy cleansers do.
Frequent exfoliation can also pose a risk to the skin barrier. While exfoliation can remove dead skin cells and promote cell turnover, excessive or aggressive exfoliation can lead to skin irritation and compromise the barrier's function. It is important to choose exfoliation methods and products that are suitable for your skin type and to follow a moderate exfoliation routine (Pavicic et al., 2011). Using harsh mechanical exfoliants such as salt crystals or ground walnut hulls will create micro-abrasions, damaging your skin barrier and increasing the penetration of pathogens. Conversely - overuse of chemical or enzyme exfoliants such as AHA or BHA can also compromise the integrity of the skin barrier. Opt for occasional (no more than twice a week) exfoliation with gentle, skin-friendly exfoliants.
Excessive use of hot water during cleansing or bathing can strip the skin of its natural oils and disrupt the skin barrier's function. Say goodbye to those long, steamy showers. Hot water can dehydrate the skin, leading to dryness and increased vulnerability to barrier damage. Using lukewarm water instead helps maintain the skin's natural moisture balance and minimises the risk of barrier disruption (Rawlings et al., 1994).
Environmental stressors can also compromise the integrity of the skin barrier. Excessive sun exposure can damage the skin's natural protective mechanisms, leading to barrier dysfunction. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can induce oxidative stress, promote inflammation, and weaken the skin's barrier function over time (Svoboda & Tiosano, 2019). Protecting the skin with sunscreen and minimising sun exposure during peak hours can help mitigate these effects.
Pollution is another environmental factor that can negatively impact the skin barrier. Airborne pollutants, such as particulate matter and chemicals, can adhere to the skin's surface and penetrate into the deeper layers, contributing to oxidative stress and inflammation (Lademann et al., 2019). Cleansing the skin thoroughly and using skincare products with antioxidant properties can help counteract the damaging effects of pollution.
By avoiding over-cleansing, harsh soaps or cleansers, excessive exfoliation, hot water, and minimising exposure to environmental stressors, we can protect the skin barrier and maintain its optimal function. Prioritising gentle skincare practices and making informed choices in our daily routines can help preserve the integrity of the skin barrier, ensuring a healthy and resilient complexion.
References:
Draelos, Z. D. (2000). The science behind skin care: Cleansers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(1), 16-19.
Lademann, J., Schanzer, S., Jacobi, U., Schmitt, H., Richter, H., Meinke, M. C., ... & Rühl, E. (2019). Basics of pollution-induced skin aging: Topographic and microscopic evidence. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 32(1), 1-9.
Marsella, R., & Nicklin, C. (2006). Evaluating the efficacy of shampoos for healthy dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 47(7), 394-398.
Pavicic, T., Wollenweber, U., Farwick, M., Korting, H. C., & Braun-Falco, O. (2011). Epidermal barrier and dermal water‐holding capacity in atopic dermatitis: An in vivo study on the influence of a moisturizing cream. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 24(5), 269-273.
Rawlings, A. V., Scott, I. R., & Harding, C. R. (1994). Bowser's membrane models—their limitations and uses. Journal of Dermatological Science, 7(3), S17-S21.
Svoboda, R. M., & Tiosano, S. (2019). The skin barrier: effects of age and the environment across different ethnicities. Cutis, 104(6), E21-E25.
]]>Nurturing and repairing your skin barrier is essential for maintaining optimal skin health and preventing the development of various skin issues. By adopting appropriate skincare practices and making mindful choices in our product selections, we can promote a healthy and resilient skin barrier.
Gentle cleansing is a fundamental step in maintaining a healthy skin barrier. Opting for mild, pH-balanced cleansers that do not strip the skin of its natural oils can help preserve your skin barrier's integrity. Botanical oil cleansers are a great choice here, especially if you need to remove makeup and sunscreen at the end of the day. Harsh cleansers and excessive cleansing can disrupt the balance of the skin's natural protective lipids, compromising the barrier function (Korting et al., 2010). Gentle cleansing practices, such as using lukewarm water and avoiding harsh scrubbing, can help prevent unnecessary stress on the skin barrier.
Moisturising plays a crucial role in nurturing the skin barrier. Choosing moisturisers or facial oils that contain barrier-enhancing ingredients is beneficial for supporting a healthy barrier. Ingredients such as ceramides, which are lipid molecules naturally found in the skin, help reinforce the barrier's structure and function (Elias & Choi, 2005). Essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, present in many bio-compatible botanical oils, also contribute to barrier integrity and help maintain optimal hydration levels (Gutowska-Owsiak et al., 2016). Humectants like glycerin and hyaluronic acid attract and retain moisture, promoting hydration within the skin (Lodén, 2003). Regular and consistent moisturising helps to prevent moisture loss, keeping the skin hydrated and supporting a robust skin barrier.
When choosing skincare products, it is important to select formulations designed to enhance the skin barrier. Look for products labeled as "barrier repair" or "barrier-supporting," as they often contain ingredients that mimic the natural components of the skin barrier. Natural skincare is often, though not always, a good choice. These formulations can help replenish and reinforce the skin's protective lipid barrier, contributing to its overall health and resilience (Grice & Segre, 2011). These products are typically rich in emollients, occlusives, and humectants, which work together to provide nourishment, hydration, and a protective seal to the skin.
Maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet can also have a positive impact on the skin barrier. Consuming a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats provides essential nutrients that support skin health. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like fatty fish, walnuts, and flaxseeds, have anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to a healthy skin barrier (Katta & Desai, 2014). Antioxidant-rich foods, such as berries and leafy greens, help combat oxidative stress and protect the skin from damage (Pappas, 2009). Adequate hydration from within (by drinking plenty of water) also supports overall skin health, including the skin barrier.
Protecting the skin from excessive sun exposure is vital for maintaining a healthy skin barrier. Prolonged sun exposure can lead to skin damage, including barrier disruption. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can weaken the skin's natural protective mechanisms and contribute to the breakdown of collagen and elastin, compromising the skin barrier's integrity (Svoboda & Tiosano, 2019). Regular use of broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF) is essential to shield the skin from harmful UV rays and minimise barrier damage.
Last but certainly not least - avoiding skincare ingredients that can be harsh or irritating to the skin is crucial for preserving the skin barrier's health. Harsh synthetic actives such as retinol can compromise your skin barrier with regular use. Ingredients such as alcohol, synthetic fragrances, and certain preservatives can disrupt the barrier function and lead to skin dryness and irritation (Sugiyama-Nakagiri et al., 2009). Being informed, reading product labels and being mindful of potential irritants can help maintain a healthy skin barrier. If you do choose products containing ingredients such as retinol, or topical antibiotics for acne, nourishing your skin barrier in other ways is even more crucial.
By nurturing and repairing the skin barrier through gentle cleansing, appropriate moisturising, barrier-supporting products, a balanced diet, sun protection, and ingredient awareness, we can promote a strong and resilient skin barrier. Taking these proactive steps contributes to overall skin health, reduces signs of premature ageing, protects against external aggressors and pathogens, and reduces the risk of skin issues associated with barrier dysfunction.
References:
Elias, P. M., & Choi, E. H. (2005). Interactions among stratum corneum defensive functions. Experimental Dermatology, 14(10), 719-726.
Grice, E. A., & Segre, J. A. (2011). The skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 9(4), 244-253.
Gutowska-Owsiak, D., Schaupp, A. L., Salimi, M., Selvakumar, T. A., McPherson, T., Taylor, S., ... & Ogg, G. S. (2016). IL-17 downregulates filaggrin and affects keratinocyte expression of genes associated with cellular adhesion. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(2), 483-487.
Katta, R., & Desai, S. P. (2014). Diet and dermatology: the role of dietary intervention in skin disease. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(7), 46-51.
Korting, H. C., Braun-Falco, O., Hamm, G., & Brenner, W. (2010). Mode of action of moisturizers. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 8(10), 768-774.
Lodén, M. (2003). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 4(11), 771-788.
Pappas, A. (2009). Epidermal surface lipids. Dermato-Endocrinology, 1(2), 72-76.
Sugiyama-Nakagiri, Y., Akiyama, M., & Shimizu, H. (2009). Filaggrin-2 is a major component of cornified cell envelopes of human epidermis. Journal of Dermatological Science, 55(3), 158-164.
Svoboda, R. M., & Tiosano, S. (2019). The skin barrier: effects of age and the environment across different ethnicities. Cutis, 104(6), E21-E25.
]]>The skin barrier is a dynamic system that plays an important role in maintaining skin health and overall well-being. It serves as a multifaceted defence mechanism, fulfilling several crucial functions to ensure the body's protection and harmony.
One of the primary functions of the skin barrier is to prevent excessive water loss from the body, known as transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, together with its lipid matrix, acts as a barrier against moisture evaporation. This helps to maintain optimal hydration levels within the skin, which contributes to its suppleness, elasticity, and overall health. Proper hydration is not only essential for the skin's appearance but also for its proper functioning and resilience (Denda et al., 2016).
As well as maintaining hydration, the skin barrier acts as a physical shield, protecting the body from a wide range of external threats. It forms an effective barrier against harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, preventing them from getting deeper into the body. The stratum corneum's compact structure and the presence of antimicrobial peptides provide an innate defence against potential infections (Gallo et al., 2017).
The skin barrier also acts as a protective shield against environmental factors, including pollutants and UV radiation. Environmental pollutants can penetrate the skin and lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, which can accelerate skin ageing and contribute to various skin conditions. The skin barrier acts as the first line of defence, reducing the penetration of these pollutants and minimising their adverse effects. The stratum corneum provides a barrier against the harmful effects of UV radiation, shielding the underlying layers of the skin from damage caused by the sun's rays (Svobodova et al., 2015).
The skin barrier also acts as a guardian against irritants and allergens. It helps to minimise the penetration of potentially irritating substances, preventing them from triggering inflammatory responses or allergic reactions in the skin. The integrity of the skin barrier is crucial in maintaining a balanced immune response and reducing the risk of hypersensitivity reactions (Kim & Kezic, 2019).
A healthy, intact skin barrier is essential for optimal skin function and overall well-being. When the skin barrier is compromised or impaired, a variety of issues can arise, including dryness, sensitivity, inflammation, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Understanding the importance of the skin barrier encourages us to make mindful choices in our skincare routine. By selecting gentle, pH-balanced cleansers, moisturisers enriched with barrier-supporting ingredients, and protective products, we can enhance the integrity and function of the skin barrier. Avoiding products that contain harsh surfactants, preservatives and avoiding over-use of chemical exfoliants (including AHA and BHA) or aggressive synthetic actives such as retinol is also important. Practicing positive skincare habits such as avoiding excessive exfoliation, protecting the skin from extended sun exposure, and maintaining a balanced diet and lifestyle can contribute to a strong and resilient skin barrier (Chamlin et al., 2008; Im et al., 2018).
By prioritising the health and well-being of our skin barrier, we can enjoy not only a radiant and vibrant complexion but also the confidence that comes with knowing our skin is protected and nurtured.
References:
Chamlin, S. L., Kao, J., Frieden, I. J., Sheu, M. Y., Fowler, A. J., Fluhr, J. W., ... & Williams, M. L. (2008). Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: Changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 58(2), S7-S17.
Denda, M., Sato, J., Tsuchiya, T., & Elias, P. M. (2016). Stratum corneum acidification in neonatal skin: Secretory phospholipase A2 and the sodium/hydrogen antiporter-1 acidify the neonatal rat stratum corneum. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 136(4), 745-754.
Gallo, R. L., Nakatsuji, T., & Huang, C. M. (2017). The skin microbiome. In Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine (Vol. 9, No. 2), a018271. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Im, M., Lee, M. K., Park, G., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Effects of lifestyle and the environment on the skin microbiome. Clinics in Dermatology, 36(1), 15-22.
Kim, J. E., & Kezic, S. (2019). Causal relationship between epidermal permeability barrier dysfunction and immune abnormalities underlying atopic dermatitis. Experimental Dermatology, 28(5), 452-456.
Svobodova, A. R., Galandakova, A., Sianska, J., & Dolezal, D. (2015). DNA damage after acute exposure of mice skin to physiological doses of UVB and UVA light. Archives of Dermatological Research, 307(1), 53-62.
]]>In this series of articles, we will explore the anatomy of the skin, the functions and significance of the skin barrier, discuss the importance of maintaining a healthy barrier, and provide insights on how we can nurture and repair it through good skincare choices and habits.
Part One: Anatomy of the Skin: Layers that Shield and Nourish
Our skin is a complex structure consisting of three primary layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. For our purposes here, the most important layers to understand are the epidermis and the dermis. Understanding the composition and functions of these layers helps us to make good choices in our skincare routines and practices.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from external aggressors. It is a dynamic structure composed of several layers, each with its unique characteristics and functions. The outermost layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum, often referred to as the "horny layer." This layer is primarily responsible for maintaining the integrity and functionality of the skin barrier.
The stratum corneum is composed of corneocytes, which are dead skin cells that have undergone a process called cornification. These corneocytes are surrounded by a lipid matrix, consisting of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which act as a cementing substance holding the cells together. The lipid matrix plays a vital role in the barrier function by preventing excessive water loss and protecting against the penetration of harmful substances (Bouwstra et al., 2003).
Beneath the epidermis lies the dermis, a complex layer composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sensory receptors. The dermis provides structural support, elasticity, and nourishment to the skin. Collagen and elastin fibers within the dermis contribute to the skin's strength, flexibility, and resilience. It also houses vital components of the immune system which help defend against pathogens (Fuchs & Horsley, 2008).
The coordinated functioning of these layers ensures the skin's ability to shield and nourish the body. The epidermis, with its outermost stratum corneum, acts as the frontline defense, preventing water loss, regulating temperature, and protecting against harmful substances. Meanwhile, the dermis provides structural integrity, support, and nourishment.
Understanding the intricate anatomy of the skin allows us to appreciate the remarkable complexity of its protective mechanisms. By nurturing and supporting the health of each layer, we can promote optimal skin function and maintain a strong and resilient skin barrier.
References:
Bouwstra, J. A., Honeywell-Nguyen, P. L., & Gooris, G. S. (2003). Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Progress in lipid research, 42(1), 1-36.
Fuchs, E., & Horsley, V. (2008). More than one way to skin. Genes & development, 22(8), 976-985.
Johnson, S. S., Elder, D. E., & Murphy, G. F. (2014). Histology and physiology of the skin. In Lever's Histopathology of the Skin (pp. 3-61). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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To obtain avocado oil, the fruit of the avocado tree is harvested when fully ripe. The oil is then extracted from the fruit by cold-pressing its flesh. This process involves using mechanical pressure to squeeze out the oil without the use of heat or chemicals, preserving the oil's nutrients and natural properties.
Constituents of Avocado Oil
Avocado oil contains numerous beneficial compounds for the skin, including:
Benefits of Avocado Oil for Skincare
Using avocado oil in your skincare routine can provide several benefits for your skin, including:
References:
Read on for details of one of our favourite DIY face masks - pink clay and rose. We'll explore the benefits of pink clay, rose petals, and rose hydrosol for the skin, their main constituents, and provide you with a recipe to make your own DIY pink clay and rose petal face mask.
Benefits of Pink Clay:
Pink clay, also known as rose clay, is a gentle and natural clay that is suitable for all skin types, especially for sensitive and dry skin. It is rich in minerals, including silica, which promotes skin elasticity and cell renewal. Pink clay also contains iron oxide and kaolinite, which help to detoxify the skin and improve circulation. These properties make it ideal for a face mask.
Benefits of Rose Petals:
Rose petals are well-known for their beauty and scent, but they also offer many benefits for the skin. They are rich in antioxidants, which help to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Rose petals also have anti-inflammatory properties, which make them great for reducing redness and soothing irritated skin. Additionally, rose petals can help to improve skin texture, tone, and hydration.
Benefits of Rose Hydrosol:
Rose hydrosol, sometimes known as rose water, is the product of hydro-distillation of fresh rose petals. It is packed with antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory properties, making it great for reducing inflammation and redness in the skin. Rose hydrosol is also hydrating and can help to improve skin tone and texture. Its mild and gentle properties make it suitable for sensitive skin.
Main Constituents:
Pink clay contains a range of minerals, including iron oxide, kaolinite, and montmorillonite. Rose petals are rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C, quercetin, and ellagic acid. Rose hydrosol contains compounds extracted from rose petals, including geraniol, citronellol, and nerol.
Recipe for a Face Mask:
Now that you know the benefits of our ingredients, it's time to make your own DIY face mask. Here's a simple recipe:
Ingredients:
Method:
Follow your masking session with your favourite soothing moisturising routine. If you haven’t already, why not try our beautiful Distilled Rose Ultimate Hydration Serum paired with one of our Vitamin C phytonutrient glow potions…. Your skin will love you for it!
In conclusion, pink clay and rose petal face masks offer a range of benefits for the skin, including improving skin tone and texture, reducing inflammation, and detoxifying the skin. By using natural ingredients like pink clay, rose petals, and rose hydrosol, you can be sure that you're treating your skin to the best possible care. Give this DIY face mask a try and see the difference for yourself!
]]>Apricot kernel oil is a natural, cold-pressed oil derived from the kernels of apricots. This oil has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and is a versatile and beneficial ingredient in skincare products.
Harvest and Processing of Apricot Kernel Oil
Apricot trees are native to Asia and are widely cultivated in countries such as China, India, Turkey, and Iran. Apricot kernel oil is obtained by cold-pressing the kernels of apricots, which are the seeds found inside the fruit. The process involves crushing the kernels and extracting the oil without the use of heat or chemicals. This method ensures that the oil retains its natural nutrients and properties.
Constituents of Apricot Kernel Oil
Apricot kernel oil is rich in essential fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, which are beneficial for the skin. It also contains vitamins A and E, which have antioxidant properties and help to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Additionally, apricot kernel oil is a good source of phytosterols, which can help to reduce inflammation and soothe the skin.
Benefits of Apricot Kernel Oil in Skincare
Apricot kernel oil has several benefits for the skin. It is a lightweight, non-greasy oil that is easily absorbed by the skin, making it an excellent moisturiser for all skin types. Its high concentration of essential fatty acids helps to nourish and protect the skin, while its antioxidant properties help to prevent premature ageing and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Apricot kernel oil is also beneficial for people with sensitive skin, as it is non-irritating and gentle. Its anti-inflammatory properties can help to calm irritated skin and reduce redness. Additionally, apricot kernel oil is a natural emollient, which means that it can help to soften and smooth the skin, making it an excellent ingredient in facial oils, serums, and moisturisers.
References
Here are just a few of the benefits of using hydrosols in your skincare routine:
Hydrosols have been used for centuries for their therapeutic properties. In fact, they are believed to be the first recorded form of distillation, dating back to ancient Egypt. During the Middle Ages, hydrosols were used in the production of perfumes and other aromatic products. Today, hydrosols are valued for their natural, plant-based properties and are used in a wide range of skincare products.
Hydrosols are made through the process of distillation. The plant material is placed in a still and steam is passed through it, causing the essential oils and other plant compounds to be released. The steam is then condensed, resulting in a mixture of essential oil and water known as a hydrosol. The exact constituents carried over from the plant into the hydrosol will vary depending on the plant material used and the distillation process. Some common constituents found in hydrosols include plant acids, flavonoids, and other phytonutrients.
There are several types of equipment that can be used to make hydrosols, including copper stills, stainless steel stills, and glass distillation units. Each type of still has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice will depend on the specific needs of the distiller. Regardless of the type of still used, the quality of the hydrosol will depend on the quality of the plant material and the skill of the distiller.
Hydrosols are a versatile and effective way to care for your skin naturally. Whether you're looking to soothe and hydrate your skin, reduce inflammation and redness, or protect against environmental stressors, there's a hydrosol out there for you. And with so many natural options to choose from, you can feel confident that you're giving your skin the best possible care.
References:
Some of the key benefits of sodium hyaluronate in skincare include:
Sodium hyaluronate is a hydrophilic molecule, which means it has an affinity for water and can attract and hold onto water molecules. When applied topically to the skin, sodium hyaluronate acts as a humectant, meaning it draws moisture from the environment and locks it into the skin.
Sodium hyaluronate has a unique ability to penetrate the skin's layers and bind to water molecules, which helps to plump up the skin and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. When sodium hyaluronate is applied to the skin, it forms a film on the surface that helps to lock in moisture and create a more youthful, radiant appearance. This protective barrier that helps to prevent moisture loss, which is particularly beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.
In addition to its moisturising properties, sodium hyaluronate also helps to improve the skin's barrier function. The skin's barrier is composed of a complex network of lipids, proteins, and other molecules that help to keep the skin healthy and protected. When the barrier is compromised, the skin can become dry, irritated, and more susceptible to environmental damage.
Sodium hyaluronate helps to support the skin's barrier by promoting the production of ceramides, which are a type of lipid that help to strengthen the skin's barrier and prevent moisture loss. By improving the skin's barrier function, sodium hyaluronate can help to keep the skin hydrated and healthy, while also reducing the risk of skin damage.
Overall, sodium hyaluronate is an effective ingredient for hydrating the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, while also promoting the skin's barrier function to prevent moisture loss and improve overall skin health.
As we age, the skin's natural levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) decrease, leading to dryness, fine lines, wrinkles, and loss of elasticity. Sodium hyaluronate can help to reverse the signs of ageing by replenishing the skin's natural levels of HA.
In addition to its hydrating properties, sodium hyaluronate also helps to stimulate collagen production. Collagen is a protein that provides the skin with its structure and elasticity, and as we age, our collagen levels decrease, leading to sagging skin and wrinkles. Sodium hyaluronate helps to boost collagen, which can help to improve skin firmness, elasticity, and overall texture.
Sodium hyaluronate also has antioxidant properties that can help to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to premature ageing, inflammation, and skin damage. By neutralising free radicals, sodium hyaluronate helps to protect the skin from damage and promote healthy skin ageing.
Overall, sodium hyaluronate can help to reduce or reverse the signs of ageing by replenishing the skin's natural levels of hyaluronic acid, hydrating the skin, stimulating collagen production, and protecting the skin from damage caused by free radicals.
Sodium hyaluronate has anti-inflammatory properties due to its ability to modulate the immune response in the skin.
When the skin is inflamed, immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells are activated, releasing inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines. These molecules can cause redness, swelling, and discomfort.
Sodium hyaluronate helps to reduce inflammation by interacting with these immune cells. It can bind to receptors on the surface of immune cells, inhibiting their activation and reducing the release of inflammatory molecules. This helps to calm inflammation and reduce the associated symptoms.
In addition, sodium hyaluronate can also help to stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory molecules in the skin, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. These molecules help to suppress inflammation and promote tissue repair.
Overall, sodium hyaluronate acts as an anti-inflammatory by modulating the immune response in the skin, reducing the release of inflammatory molecules, and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory molecules. This makes it an effective ingredient in skincare products designed to soothe and calm irritated or inflamed skin.
References:
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Constituents and Processing
Capric/caprylic triglycerides are made up of a mixture of capric acid (C10) and caprylic acid (C8) esters of glycerol. These fatty acids are extracted from coconut oil through a process known as esterification, which involves reacting the fatty acids with glycerin to form triglycerides.
The resulting capric/caprylic triglycerides are colourless, odourless, and have a light, non-greasy texture. They are highly stable and resistant to oxidation, making them an ideal ingredient for skincare products.
In the Pantheon Lab we prefer capric/caprylic triglycerides as the base oil for our herbal and resinoid extracts. It is especially useful for resinoids as the extraction process uses heat and capric/caprylic triglycerides will not degrade during the process. The neutral nature of the oil means the extracts are not adulterated with unwanted constituents as can be the case with other botanical base oils. It results in a clean, potent extract with a useful shelf-life.
Uses in Functional Skincare
Capric/caprylic triglycerides are a versatile ingredient in skincare formulations due to their excellent emollient and moisturising properties. They penetrate the skin quickly and deeply, leaving it feeling soft and supple. Capric/caprylic triglycerides are also non-comedogenic, meaning they won't clog pores, making them suitable for all skin types, including acne-prone skin.
In addition to their moisturising properties, capric/caprylic triglycerides also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and reduce redness and irritation. They also enhance the absorption of other active ingredients, making them a valuable ingredient in skincare products.
Benefits of Capric/Caprylic Triglycerides in Functional Skincare
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Constituents of Orchid Stem Cells
Orchid stem cells contain several beneficial compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, have antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from free radical damage, which can cause premature ageing. Flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the skin.
Polysaccharides, which are long chains of carbohydrates, are another key component of orchid stem cells. These compounds are known to have hydrating and moisturising properties that can help improve the skin's texture and elasticity.
Processing of Orchid Stem Cells
To extract the stem cells from orchids, the plant is first grown in a controlled environment, and then the stem cells are extracted using a process called tissue culture. Tissue culture involves taking a small sample of the plant tissue and then growing it in a nutrient-rich medium. This process allows the stem cells to multiply and grow in a controlled environment, where they can be harvested and used in skincare products.
Uses of Orchid Stem Cells in Skincare
Orchid stem cells are used in skincare products to help improve the appearance and health of the skin. Some of the benefits of orchid stem cells in skincare include:
Benefits of Orchid Stem Cells in Skincare
Research has shown that orchid stem cells may have several benefits for the skin. For example, a study published in the Journal of Medicinal Plants Research found that a cream containing orchid stem cells helped improve skin hydration and elasticity in study participants.
Another study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Science found that an extract of orchid stem cells had antioxidant properties that helped protect the skin from free radical damage.
In vitro, orchid stem cells have been found to induce several growth factors, resulting in an increase in collagen and elastin fibres.
Overall, the use of orchid stem cells in skincare products can help improve the appearance and health of the skin by providing antioxidant, moisturising, and soothing properties.
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Constituents of Blue Tansy Oil
Blue tansy oil contains several active constituents, including chamazulene, sabinene, myrcene, beta-pinene, and camphor. The most abundant constituent in blue tansy oil is chamazulene, which is responsible for the oil's characteristic blue color. Chamazulene is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent and is known for its ability to soothe irritated skin. Sabinene, myrcene, and beta-pinene are all terpenes that have antimicrobial properties, making them useful in the treatment of acne. Camphor is also present in blue tansy oil, and it has a cooling and soothing effect on the skin.
Processing of Blue Tansy Oil
Blue tansy oil is obtained through steam distillation of the flowers and stems of the blue tansy plant. The oil is usually deep blue in colour, but its shade can vary depending on the growing conditions and the time of harvest. The oil has a sweet, fruity, and herbaceous aroma, and it is often used in aromatherapy.
Benefits of Blue Tansy Oil in the Treatment of Acne
Blue tansy oil is an effective treatment for acne due to its ability to reduce inflammation and kill acne-causing bacteria. The chamazulene in blue tansy oil is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that helps to soothe irritated skin and reduce redness. The terpenes present in blue tansy oil, such as sabinene, myrcene, and beta-pinene, have antimicrobial properties that make them effective in killing acne-causing bacteria. Additionally, the camphor in blue tansy oil has a cooling and soothing effect on the skin, which can help to alleviate discomfort associated with acne.
Incorporating Blue Tansy Oil into Your Skincare Routine
Blue tansy oil is a powerful ingredient that has numerous benefits for the skin, particularly in the treatment of acne. Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties make it an effective treatment for irritated and acne-prone skin. Blue tansy oil is a potent ingredient, so it is essential to use it in moderation. It is best to start by using skincare products that contain a low concentration of blue tansy oil and gradually increase the concentration as your skin becomes accustomed to it. Blue tansy oil can be found in a variety of functional skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, moisturisers, and face masks.
When using blue tansy oil in your skincare routine, it is also important to follow a consistent skincare regimen that includes cleansing, toning, and moisturising. This will help to keep your skin healthy and prevent breakouts.
While blue tansy oil can be an effective treatment for acne, it is not a miracle cure, and it may not work for everyone. If you have severe acne or if your acne does not improve with the use of blue tansy oil, it is important to consult a dermatologist for additional treatment options.
In conclusion, blue tansy oil is a valuable ingredient in functional skincare, particularly in the treatment of acne-prone skin. Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties make it an effective treatment for irritated and acne-prone skin, and it can be incorporated into a variety of skincare products. However, it is important to use it in moderation and to patch test the product before using it on your entire face. If you have severe acne, it is important to consult a dermatologist for additional treatment options.
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What is Hydrolysed Silk Protein?
Hydrolysed silk protein is a natural protein that is derived from silk fibres, which are made by the silkworm during cocoon formation. The protein is extracted from the silk fibres through a process called hydrolysis, which involves breaking down the protein into smaller peptides and amino acids. The resulting hydrolysed silk protein is a water-soluble powder that is used in various skincare products.
Constituents of Hydrolysed Silk Protein
Hydrolysed silk protein is composed of various amino acids, including serine, glycine, alanine, and valine. These amino acids are essential building blocks for proteins, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the skin.
Processing of Hydrolysed Silk Protein
As mentioned above, the process of producing hydrolysed silk protein involves breaking down the silk fibres into smaller peptides and amino acids through hydrolysis. There are different methods of hydrolysis, including acid, enzymatic, and alkali hydrolysis. Each method produces a slightly different type of hydrolysed silk protein, with varying properties and benefits for the skin.
Uses & Benefits of Hydrolysed Silk Protein in Skincare
Hydrolysed silk protein is used in various skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. Its small molecular weight enables it to penetrate the skin easily, providing deep hydration and nourishment. Some of the benefits of using hydrolysed silk protein in skincare include:
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Vitamin C THD (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate) is a stable, oil-soluble form of vitamin C that can penetrate the skin more effectively than other forms of vitamin C. It is synthesized through a chemical reaction between ascorbic acid and 2-ethylhexanol.
The synthesis process involves several steps:
The resulting vitamin C THD is a stable, oil-soluble form of vitamin C that can be used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten and even out skin tone, promote collagen and elastin, and reduce hyperpigmentation.
Benefits of Vitamin C THD in skin care:
Products containing Vitamin C THD offer several benefits for the skin.
The antioxidant properties of Vitamin C THD:
Antioxidants are substances that help to protect the skin from free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to premature ageing.
When applied topically, vitamin C THD penetrates the skin and helps to neutralise free radicals by donating an electron to the unstable molecule. This process stabilises the free radical and prevents it from causing further damage to the skin. Vitamin C THD is particularly effective at neutralising free radicals caused by environmental stressors such as UV radiation, pollution, and cigarette smoke.
In addition to its free radical scavenging abilities, vitamin C THD also helps to regenerate other antioxidants such as vitamin E, which further enhances its antioxidant activity. This makes it a valuable ingredient in skincare products, particularly those designed to protect the skin from environmental stressors and combat the signs of ageing.
By incorporating vitamin C THD into your skincare routine, you can help to protect your skin from the damaging effects of free radicals and maintain a healthy, youthful complexion.
The effect of Vitamin C THD on skin tone:
Vitamin C THD is a potent ingredient that has been shown to be effective at brightening and evening out skin tone. This is achieved through several mechanisms:
Vitamin C THD and collagen synthesis:
Collagen is a protein that is essential for maintaining the structure, elasticity, and firmness of the skin. As we age, the production of collagen in the skin decreases, leading to the formation of fine lines and wrinkles. Vitamin C THD has been shown to promote collagen synthesis, which can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.
The mechanism by which vitamin C THD promotes collagen synthesis is complex and involves several different processes. Some of the key ways in which vitamin C THD promotes collagen synthesis include:
How Vitamin C THD protects against UV damage:
UV radiation from the sun can damage the skin and contribute to premature ageing, including the formation of fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation. Vitamin C THD is a potent antioxidant that can help to protect the skin from UV damage by neutralising free radicals and reducing inflammation.
The mechanism by which vitamin C THD protects against UV damage involves several different processes:
Why Vitamin C THD is a more stable form in skincare:
The stability of vitamin C is an important consideration when it comes to skincare products because it can impact the effectiveness of the ingredient. Vitamin C is known to be unstable, meaning it can easily degrade when exposed to light, air, and water. This can make it difficult to formulate skincare products that contain vitamin C and ensure that the vitamin C remains stable and effective over time.
The stability of vitamin C THD is one of its most useful characteristics. Unlike other forms of vitamin C, such as ascorbic acid or L-ascorbic acid, vitamin C THD is highly stable and does not degrade as easily when exposed to light, air, and water.
This increased stability has several benefits for skincare products. First, it allows for longer shelf life and greater potency over time, meaning that the product will remain effective for longer. Second, it allows for greater flexibility in formulation, meaning that vitamin C THD can be incorporated into a wider range of products, including those that are anhydrous.
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Production of Bakuchiol
Bakuchiol is extracted from the seeds of the babchi plant using a process called supercritical CO2 extraction. This process involves using carbon dioxide in its supercritical state to extract the desired compounds from the plant material. Supercritical CO2 extraction is considered a more environmentally friendly and safer method of extraction than traditional solvent-based methods, as it uses non-toxic, non-flammable, and renewable carbon dioxide as the solvent. After extraction, the bakuchiol is purified and then used in skincare formulations.
Benefits and Mechanisms of Bakuchiol
Bakuchiol has been found to have several benefits for the skin, including anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to stimulate collagen production, which helps to improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Bakuchiol also has antioxidant properties, which help to protect the skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.
The mechanism of action of bakuchiol is similar to that of retinol, as both compounds stimulate the production of collagen and increase cell turnover. However, unlike retinol, bakuchiol does not cause skin irritation, sensitivity, or dryness, which are common side effects associated with retinol use. Bakuchiol has also been found to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme elastase, which is responsible for the breakdown of elastin in the skin. This property makes bakuchiol useful in preventing and reducing the appearance of photoaging and skin damage caused by UV radiation.
Safety of Bakuchiol
Bakuchiol has been found to be safe for use in skincare products, with no reported adverse effects. It is considered to be non-irritating, non-sensitising, and non-phototoxic, which makes it suitable for use in sensitive and reactive skin types. Additionally, bakuchiol is not photosensitising, which means that it can be used during the day without the need for additional sun protection, unlike retinol.
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Constituents of Meadowfoam Seed Oil
Meadowfoam seed oil contains a unique combination of fatty acids, including long-chain fatty acids that are not found in many other natural oils. The main fatty acid found in meadowfoam seed oil is eicosenoic acid, which makes up approximately 60% of the oil. This fatty acid is known for its excellent moisturising properties, making meadowfoam seed oil an effective emollient in skincare formulations. Other fatty acids present in meadowfoam seed oil include oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid.
Processing of Meadowfoam Seed Oil
Meadowfoam seed oil is obtained through the cold-pressing of meadowfoam seeds. This process involves crushing the seeds to extract the oil without using any heat or chemicals, ensuring that the oil retains its natural benefits. The resulting oil is light in colour and has a mild, slightly nutty scent.
Uses of Meadowfoam Seed Oil in Natural Skincare
Meadowfoam seed oil is an excellent ingredient in natural skincare products, as it has many benefits for the skin. Here are some common uses of meadowfoam seed oil in skincare:
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Antioxidants are a group of compounds that play a vital role in the body's defence mechanism against the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA, leading to premature ageing, chronic diseases, and even cancer. Antioxidants work by neutralising free radicals, thereby preventing oxidative stress and promoting healthy cell function.
Antioxidants in skincare products are vital due to their ability to combat signs of ageing and promote healthy skin. Tocopherols, a group of antioxidants that include vitamin E, are particularly important in skincare due to their ability to protect against UV damage, improve skin hydration, and reduce inflammation.
Function and Mechanism of Antioxidants in Skincare:
When applied topically, antioxidants work by neutralising free radicals in the skin. This is particularly important in the case of UV damage, which can cause significant oxidative stress and damage to skin cells. By neutralising free radicals, antioxidants help to prevent the breakdown of collagen and elastin, two essential components of healthy skin that contribute to its elasticity and firmness.
Tocopherols, in particular, have been shown to be effective in protecting the skin against UV damage. Studies have demonstrated that topical application of tocopherols can reduce UV-induced erythema (redness) and prevent the formation of sunburn cells, which are a marker of UV damage to the skin.
In addition to their UV-protective properties, tocopherols also have anti-inflammatory effects on the skin. Inflammation is a common cause of skin ageing, and tocopherols can help to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
Benefits of Antioxidants in Skincare:
The benefits of antioxidants in skincare are numerous, and include:
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Constituents of Tocopherols
Tocopherols are composed of four different isomers: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of vitamin E and has the highest antioxidant activity among the isomers. Gamma-tocopherol is the most abundant form of vitamin E in the Western diet, and delta-tocopherol is the least studied of the four isomers.
Processing of Tocopherols
Tocopherols are extracted from natural sources using different methods. One of the most common methods is solvent extraction, where tocopherols are extracted from vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oil. The extracted tocopherols are then purified to obtain a high concentration. Another method is steam distillation, where tocopherols are extracted from plant materials such as wheat germ and corn.
Uses of Tocopherols in Skincare
Tocopherols are commonly used in skincare products as an antioxidant and moisturiser. They help to protect the skin from UV damage, prevent premature ageing, and improve skin texture. Tocopherols are also used in skincare products as a natural preservative, as they help to extend the shelf life of the product.
Benefits of Tocopherols in Skincare
Tocopherols provide several benefits to the skin when used in skincare products. As an antioxidant, tocopherols help to neutralise free radicals that damage the skin and cause premature ageing and help prevent lipid-soluble ingredients from going rancid. They also help to prevent the breakdown of collagen and elastin, which are essential proteins that keep the skin firm and elastic. Tocopherols are known to improve skin hydration and texture, making them an excellent ingredient in moisturisers.
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